Write a 2-page, double-spaced essay spotting the statistical flaws of the attached article “Why Are Killing Rampages Increasing?”. You must use the font Times New Roman or Arial, size 12, with 1-inch margins (otherwise, points will be taken off).
Grading Rubric
Why Are Killing Rampages Increasing?
By Peter Turchin
So far in 2008, The New York Times reported at least six shooting rampages. Just two weeks ago a man shot or stabbed 10 people in northwest Washington, six of whom died. After his arrest, he told the police that God told him what to do and told him to “kill evil.”
Are these episodes of senseless mass murder increasing? A systematic search of The New York Times from 1946 to the present suggests that the increase is real and very dramatic:
Number per year, plotted by decade
Over the last half-century, the incidence of massacres — shooting rampages, killing sprees, etc. — increased roughly 10-fold. These numbers exclude crime-related (along the lines of Reservoir Dogs) and family-related (“Man Shoots Wife, Kids, Self”) multiple murders.
Why is this happening? Note that I am not concerned here with why killing rampages occur, but why they are on an increase.
The rise in massacres began during the 1960’s and shows no signs of abating. It’s a long-term trend, and I think it is telling us something about fundamental ways in which our society is changing.
I am interested in this trend because my research, in general, focuses on investigating long-term dynamics of historical societies (I call this cliodynamics, Clio being the muse of history). One empirical result from this program is that societies tend to experience recurrent waves of violence and political instability; these waves are themselves the results of long-term social and economic trends (more on this in my book War and Peace and War). In other words, when we want to explain trends evolving on a slow time scale, we look to mechanisms operating on the same scale.
A study by The New York Times in 2000 found that the majority of massacres happen in two situations: at the workplace (about one-third of the total) and at school (one-fifth). Here’s my hypothesis for the increase of work-related rampages (I will deal with school rampages in my next blog):
We know that during the 1970’s something changed in the American economy, and in a very fundamental way. Between 1930 and late 1970’s, real wages grew essentially monotonically (overall, they grew by a factor of 3.5). Since then the wage stagnated (white-collar workers) or even declined (blue-collar workers). These are official statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics); the actual situation must be worse, because the real rate of inflation is probably underestimated by creative folk at government statistical agencies.
In any case, the costs of big items that define the middle-class way of life — houses, college education, medical insurance — have increased faster than the official inflation rate.
The implications are obvious, and it is surprising that they are rarely brought up in the context of massacres. As their economic prospects deteriorate, many breadwinners find themselves under unendurable pressure to maintain the socially expected level of consumption. Under these conditions, people — whose psychological problems would be borderline in the gentler economic climate of the 1950’s — today “go postal.” So the harsher the economic conditions, the greater the numbers of those whose latent psychological problems develop into full-blown psychosis.
The New York Times from 2000 provides some indirect support for this hypothesis: 57 percent of rampage killers in their database were unemployed when they went on rampage. Remember the 1993 movie Falling Down? The resemblance between the fictional character, brilliantly played by Michael Douglas, and real rampage killers, described in the press reports that I read, is uncanny.
To close, I submit that there is a plausible connection between worsening economic conditions (for most Americans, except the rich) and an increase in workplace rampages. Substantial and growing proportions of massacres, however, occur at schools and universities. I will address this issue in my next blog.
