one page for each name please
Leukemia is a buildup of cancer cells which causes many immature blood cells to occur and take up space in the bone marrow making it difficult for the marrow to produce healthy blood cells (McCance & Huether, 2019)
The American Cancer Society estimates that in the United States in 2018 there will be about 60,300 new cases of leukemia (of all types) in adults and children, and about 24,300 deaths (Emadi & Law, 2018).
Pathophysiology
In leukemia immature blasts cells are unable to mature into blood cells, because of their two gene mutation structure. The cells then begin to multiply rapidly and uncontrollable resulting in complications such as a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur & Reinhold, 2017).
Maladaptive VS Physiological Differences
According to (Inbar, et al., 2011), studies show that patients with cancerous tumors and patients who undergo cancer treatments are associated with substantial psychological and physiological distress, which were reported to predict accelerated disease progression. The differences are that maladaptive responses are more psychological and physiological responses focus more on bodily responses to the disease. In this disorder, maladaptive responses to cancers are usually stress which can occur because of diagnosis, treatment or finance or anxiety or fear of having a disease which have claimed the lives of so many people around the world. However physiological responses to leukemia include lack of energy, pain and loss of appetite that is associated with nausea and vomiting (Albrecht, 2014). As the cancer progresses these response increase in the patient.
Drugs Used and Why
The main methods used to treat leukemia include chemotherapy which is a collection of drugs they are used because they target the cancer cells that rapidly multiply and destroy them and radiation this is used because some patients are at a high risk of the leukemia entering the brain (Emadi & Law, 2018). If the leukemia is resistant, then bone marrow transplants may be suggested (Emadi & Law, 2018).Some other drugs used are opioid analgesics such as morphine or methadone which are used to help with the pain management (Hinkle, Brunner, Cheever, & Suddarth, 2014). Antiemetic drugs are also given to help with nausea and vomiting (Hinkle, Brunner, Cheever, & Suddarth, 2014).
How Patient Factor Affects Drugs & Pathophysiology
My patient factor of genetics can affect the Pathophysiology of leukemia because persons with disabilities such as Down syndrome are at risk for developing leukemia. Leukemia is a genetic disease that affects a person’s DNA by mutation of DNA in the bone marrow (Eskie, 2019). Also, persons with a family history of leukemia can develop leukemia a certain type of leukemia called chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia does not usually run in families, so in most cases, it is not hereditary (Eskie, 2019). However, people can inherit genetic abnormalities that increase their risk of developing this form of cancer (Eskie, 2019). Genetics patient factor can affect drugs in cases such as possible allergies in family history to certain medications which can cause adverse effects. Also, according to (Cohut, 2018), a gene mutation called FOXM1 has proven to cause person who receive treatment for leukemia to have poor results and even relapse. Overexertion of this gene mutation cause chemo resistance thus resulting in these ineffective results to drug therapy (Cohut, 2018).
Summary
Leukemia is a disorder that can be deadly. Early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to help fight the disease. Some aspects of molecular genetic testing in acute leukemia, are rapidly changing with new supportive literature,and will require on going updates for the guideline to remain relevant (Arber, et al., 2017).
Week 9 Main Post
COLLAPSE
In today’s society Americans have heard the word anemia but do they truly understand what anemia is. Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues (MayoClinic , 2019). With this condition many may show signs of fatigue, pale or yellow skin, cold hands and feet along with other things. Many times symptoms go unnoticed because they are very small and usually mistreated or related to something else. For example, one may complain about fatigue. Working extra hours at work or not getting enough sleep may be a factor that most consider but it may actually be related to anemia. With anemia due to acute blood loss, a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity occurs along with a decrease in intravascular volume, with resultant hypoxia and hypovolemia (Maakaron, Taher, & Conrad, 2019). Treatment of anemia is usually done with Iron therapy(i.e. ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate) and/or blood transfusion. There is clear evidence to support prompt treatment in all patients with iron deficiency anemia because it is known that treatment improves quality of life and physical condition as well as alleviates fatigue and cognitive deficits (Jimenez, Kulnigg-Dabsch, & Gasche, 2015). Even though Iron is the best treatment choice it should be used with in consideration because the repletion time occurs slowly. With anemia studies have shown that the highest prevalence is in African Americans. For all age groups, blacks had the highest prevalence of anemia for both sexes (Le, 2016).
References
Jimenez, K., Kulnigg-Dabsch, S., & Gasche, C. (2015, April). Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4836595/
Le, C. H. (2016, November 15). The Prevalence of Anemia and Moderate-Severe Anemia in the US Population (NHANES 2003-2012). Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112924/
Maakaron, J. E., Taher, A. T., & Conrad, M. E. (2019, November 26). What is the physiologic response to anemia? Retrieved from MedScape: https://www.medscape.com/answers/198475-155020/what-is-the-physiologic-response-to-anemia
MayoClinic . (2019, August 16). Anemia. Retrieved from Mayoclinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Arcangelo, V., Peterson, A., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
Chapter 51, “Anemias” (pp. 891–908)
Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach 4th Edition by Archangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. Copyright 2016 by LWW. Reprinted by permission of LWW via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Bickley, L. S. (2017). Bates guide to physical examination and history taking (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
Chapter 11, “The Abdomen” (pp. 449–505, for review)
McCance, K., & Huether, S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby.
Chapter 28, “Structure and Function of the Hematologic System” (pp. 890–925)
Chapter 29, “Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function” (pp. 926–931)
Chapter 30, “Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function” (pp. 968–976)
Chapter 41, “Structure and Function of the Digestive System” (pp. 1293–1315)
Chapter 42, “Alterations of Digestive Function” (pp. 1337–1342)
Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurse prescribers (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Chapter 18, “Drugs Affecting the Hematopoietic System” (pp. 415–446)
Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers, 4th Edition by Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. Copyright 2015 by F. A. Davis Company. Reprinted by permission of F. A. Davis Company via the Copyright Clearance Center.
American Gastrointestinal Association. (2019). Clinical guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.gastro.org/guidelines
American Society of Hematology. (2019). ASH clinical practice guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.hematology.org/Clinicians/Guidelines-Quality/Guidelines.aspx
Ko, C. W., Singh, S., Feuerstein, J. D., Falck-Ytter, C., Falck-Ytter, Y., Cross, R. K., & American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. (2019). AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 156(3), 748–764. Retrieved from https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)35407-6/fulltext
Discussion: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Gastrointestinal and Hematological System Disorders
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Caiaimage
For this Discussion, you will follow the same format as in Weeks 4, 5, and 7, but you will be assigned a different disorder from the gastrointestinal or hematologic systems.
To prepare:
